Leviathan

Leviathan
Thomas Hobbes

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“Leviathan,” written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes and published in 1651, is a seminal work in political philosophy. The book’s central theme is the need for a robust and undivided government to maintain societal peace and order. Hobbes argues that without a powerful central authority, human beings would descend into a “war of all against all,” resulting in constant conflict and insecurity.

Hobbes begins by presenting his materialist view of the world, in which everything, including human thoughts and emotions, can be explained through physical processes. He then describes human nature as inherently selfish and competitive, driven by passions such as fear, ambition, and the desire for power. In this “state of nature,” individuals have the right to do whatever they believe is necessary for their survival and well-being.

However, Hobbes argues that this state of nature is not sustainable, leading to constant conflict and insecurity. To escape this situation, individuals must enter into a social contract, agreeing to surrender their rights and submit to the authority of a sovereign power. This sovereign, which can be a single person or an assembly, is responsible for maintaining peace, enforcing laws, and protecting the rights of its subjects.

Hobbes emphasizes the importance of absolute obedience to the sovereign, as any form of resistance or division could lead back to the state of nature. He also argues that the sovereign should have complete control over religious matters, as disputes over religious doctrine can lead to civil unrest and conflict.

Throughout the book, Hobbes uses the metaphor of a “leviathan” – a mythical sea monster – to represent the powerful, unified state. He argues that just as the leviathan is a fearsome and unstoppable force, the state should also be a powerful and undivided entity capable of maintaining order and protecting its citizens.

“Leviathan” presents a bleak view of human nature and the need for a strong central government to maintain peace and order. Hobbes’ ideas have profoundly influenced modern political thought, particularly in social contract theory and the state’s role in maintaining security and stability.

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